Retinopathy

Retinopathy refers to damage to the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, often caused by vascular (blood vessel) abnormalities. It can lead to vision impairment or blindness if untreated.

Common Types of Retinopathy:

1. Diabetic Retinopathy

   • Caused by prolonged high blood sugar levels damaging retinal blood vessels.

   • Stages:

     • Non-proliferative (NPDR): Mild to severe retinal blood vessel leakage.

     • Proliferative (PDR): Growth of abnormal new blood vessels, leading to bleeding and scarring.

2. Hypertensive Retinopathy

   • Due to chronic high blood pressure damaging retinal vessels.

   • Signs: Arteriolar narrowing, hemorrhages, cotton wool spots.

3. Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)

   • Affects premature infants with underdeveloped retinal blood vessels.

   • Can cause retinal detachment if severe.

4. Central Serous Retinopathy (CSR)

• Fluid buildup under the retina, often stress-related.

• Causes blurred or distorted vision.

Symptoms:

• Blurred or fluctuating vision

• Floaters or dark spots

• Poor night vision

• Vision loss (in advanced cases)

Diagnosis:

• Fundoscopy (eye exam with dilated pupils)

• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

• Fluorescein Angiography (dye test for blood vessel leakage)

Treatment Options:

• Laser Therapy (Photocoagulation) – Seals leaking vessels.

• Anti-VEGF Injections (e.g., Avastin, Lucentis) – Reduces abnormal blood vessel growth.

• Vitrectomy – Surgical removal of blood/scar tissue in severe cases.

• Blood Sugar & Blood Pressure Control – Critical for diabetic/hypertensive retinopathy.

Prevention:

• Regular eye exams (yearly for diabetics).

• Manage diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol.

• Avoid smoking and maintain a healthy diet.

If you suspect retinopathy, consult an ophthalmologist immediately to prevent permanent vision loss.